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【Objective】 To investigate the relationship between maternal oral health behavior during pregnancy and premature birth. 【Methods】 A total of 248 preterm and 700 non-preterm pregnant women who delivered in Northwest Women’s and Children’s Hospital in Shaanxi Province from January to December 2022 were included in case group and control group, respectively. General demographic characteristics and oral health behavior during pregnancy were collected by questionnaires, and the oral health impact profile-14 (OHIP-14) was used to assess the oral health related life quality of pregnant women. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between maternal oral health behavior during pregnancy and premature birth. 【Results】 During pregnancy, maternal frequent eating after brushing teeth (OR=1.62, 95% CI: 1.03-2.57), unused fluoride toothpaste (OR=2.03, 95%CI: 1.25-3.05), late visit to the doctor for oral discomfort (OR=1.41, 95%CI: 1.02-1.96), brushing teeth less than twice one day (OR=1.77, 95%CI: 1.13-2.78) or less than 3 minutes each time (OR=1.52, 95%CI: 1.09-2.11), and elevated OHIP-14 score (OR=1.07, 95%CI: 1.04-1.10) increased the risk of premature birth. 【Conclusion】 Poor oral health behavior during pregnancy may increase the risk of premature birth. Therefore, more efforts should be made to publicize oral health knowledge and guide pregnant women to establish good oral health habits so as to improve oral health and promote maternal and child health.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the relationship between medication taken during pregnancy and congenital heart disease of the newborns.Methods A large cross-sectional survey was conducted between August and November 2013.A questionnaire survey was conducted among the childbearing aged women,selected through multistage stratified random sampling in Shaanxi from 2010 to 2013.All of the childbearing aged women under study were in pregnancy and with definite pregnancy outcomes.Multivariable Poisson regression was conducted for data analyses.Results A total of 28 680 cases were included in this study.The proportion of medication taken at any time during pregnancy was 16.0％,and the prevalence of congenital heart disease among the newborns was 67.9/10 000.After adjustment for factors as general demographic characteristic,history of heart disease and drug allergy and the situation of disease during pregnancy of these women,results from the multivariable Poisson regression showed that,factors as taking drugs (RR=1.95,95％ CI:1.42-2.68),cold medicine (RR=l.68,95％ CI:1.07-2.64),antibiotics (RR=1.90,95％ CI:1.25-2.90),salicylates (RR=5.01,95％CI:1.84-13.64) and antifungal drugs (RR=10.22,95％CI:3.25-32.19)during pregnancy were all related to congenital heart disease,and with the history of taking cold medicine (RR =1.90,95 ％ CI:1.01-3.61),antibiotics (RR =2.18,95 ％ CI:1.17-4.06),salicylates (RR =6.07,95％CI:1.45-25.41),antifungal drugs (RR=21.01,95％CI:4.17-105.87) and other drugs (RR=2.31,95％CI:1.19-4.47) during early pregnancy.These factors were with higher risks for congenital heart disease.Conclusion Women of childbearing age who took cold medicine,antibiotics,salicylic acid drugs,antifungal drugs and other drugs during early pregnancy would increase the risks related to congenital heart diseases.
ABSTRACT
Objective To explore the association between maternal respiratory infection in early pregnancy and gestational age of single live birth.Methods A face to face questionnaire survey was conducted among child bearing aged women in 30 counties (district) of Shaanxi province selected through stratified multistage sampling.Propensity score (PS) matched (1 ∶ 1) analysis was used to match participants with respiratory infections to those without respiratory infections.A multilevel linear model was used to investigate the association between respiratory infections and gestational age.Through the control of the confounders step by step,three models were established in this study:model 1 for the variable of respiratory infections before PS matching,model 2 was adjusted for variables in model 1 plus some other individual differences of mother and baby,and model 3 for the variable of respiratory infections after PS matching.Results Of 28 848 child bearing aged women surveyed,3 676 (12.74％) had respiratory infections in early pregnancy.After PS matching,2 762 pairs were matched.Analysis with model 1 indicated that a decrease of 0.111 week (P＜0.001) in gestational age was associated with a respiratory infection during the first trimester.Analysis with model 2 and model 3 indicated that a decrease of 0.058 week (P=0.025) and a decrease of 0.076 week (P=0.036) were associated with respiratory infection during the fast trimester,respectively.Conclusion The respiratory infection during the first trimester was associated with the decrease of the gestational age of newborn.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the relationship between medication taken during pregnancy and congenital heart disease of the newborns.Methods A large cross-sectional survey was conducted between August and November 2013.A questionnaire survey was conducted among the childbearing aged women,selected through multistage stratified random sampling in Shaanxi from 2010 to 2013.All of the childbearing aged women under study were in pregnancy and with definite pregnancy outcomes.Multivariable Poisson regression was conducted for data analyses.Results A total of 28 680 cases were included in this study.The proportion of medication taken at any time during pregnancy was 16.0％,and the prevalence of congenital heart disease among the newborns was 67.9/10 000.After adjustment for factors as general demographic characteristic,history of heart disease and drug allergy and the situation of disease during pregnancy of these women,results from the multivariable Poisson regression showed that,factors as taking drugs (RR=1.95,95％ CI:1.42-2.68),cold medicine (RR=l.68,95％ CI:1.07-2.64),antibiotics (RR=1.90,95％ CI:1.25-2.90),salicylates (RR=5.01,95％CI:1.84-13.64) and antifungal drugs (RR=10.22,95％CI:3.25-32.19)during pregnancy were all related to congenital heart disease,and with the history of taking cold medicine (RR =1.90,95 ％ CI:1.01-3.61),antibiotics (RR =2.18,95 ％ CI:1.17-4.06),salicylates (RR =6.07,95％CI:1.45-25.41),antifungal drugs (RR=21.01,95％CI:4.17-105.87) and other drugs (RR=2.31,95％CI:1.19-4.47) during early pregnancy.These factors were with higher risks for congenital heart disease.Conclusion Women of childbearing age who took cold medicine,antibiotics,salicylic acid drugs,antifungal drugs and other drugs during early pregnancy would increase the risks related to congenital heart diseases.
ABSTRACT
Objective To explore the association between maternal respiratory infection in early pregnancy and gestational age of single live birth.Methods A face to face questionnaire survey was conducted among child bearing aged women in 30 counties (district) of Shaanxi province selected through stratified multistage sampling.Propensity score (PS) matched (1 ∶ 1) analysis was used to match participants with respiratory infections to those without respiratory infections.A multilevel linear model was used to investigate the association between respiratory infections and gestational age.Through the control of the confounders step by step,three models were established in this study:model 1 for the variable of respiratory infections before PS matching,model 2 was adjusted for variables in model 1 plus some other individual differences of mother and baby,and model 3 for the variable of respiratory infections after PS matching.Results Of 28 848 child bearing aged women surveyed,3 676 (12.74％) had respiratory infections in early pregnancy.After PS matching,2 762 pairs were matched.Analysis with model 1 indicated that a decrease of 0.111 week (P＜0.001) in gestational age was associated with a respiratory infection during the first trimester.Analysis with model 2 and model 3 indicated that a decrease of 0.058 week (P=0.025) and a decrease of 0.076 week (P=0.036) were associated with respiratory infection during the fast trimester,respectively.Conclusion The respiratory infection during the first trimester was associated with the decrease of the gestational age of newborn.
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Objective To understand the prevalence of birth defects, related diseases and mental status of women during pregnancy in Shaanxi province and to analyse the major risk factors on birth defects and congenital heart disease. Possible association between maternal diseases or mental status and the risk of birth defects, was also explored. Methods A cross-sectional design was used in this study and stratified multistage random sampling method was used. The whole survey was from Jury 2013 to November 2013. Logistic regression method was used to analyze the association between maternal diseases, mental status during pregnancy and birth defects. Results The overall prevalence of birth defects was 195.04 per 10000 in Shaanxi. Among the 29121 mothers participating in this study, 51.1% developed illness and 6.8%"changed their mental status during pregnancy. After adjusting all the confounding factors, results showed that, histories of cold", fever, and intrahepatic cholestasis were (OR=1.33, 95%CI:1.10-1.61, OR=1.54, 95%CI:1.09-2.16, and OR=32.77, 95%CI:4.08-263.04) respectively, during pregnancy that related to birth defects. Self-reported unstable mental status (OR=1.60, 95%CI: 1.19-2.15) and family friction (OR=2.07, 95%CI: 1.12-3.79) were both related to the birth rates. Histories of cold and fever (OR=1.59, 95%CI:1.28-1.98;OR=1.43, 95%CI:1.48-4.00), during early pregnancy, unstable mental status during mid-pregnant period (OR=1.52, 95%CI:1.05-2.19), unstable mental status during late-pregnant period (OR=1.63, 95%CI:1.05-2.19) and family friction during late-pregnant period (OR=2.89, 95%CI:1.16-7.20) were found to be related to birth defects. Compared with those without history of cold, those with the history of cold during first (OR=1.24, 95%CI: 1.02-1.52) and second stages (OR=2.06, 95%CI: 1.30-3.26) of pregnancy were more likely to bear fetus with birth defects. Compared with those without these histories, those with histories of fever (OR=1.49, 95%CI:1.04-2.13), emotional problem (OR=1.71, 95%CI:1.19-2.45) and related diseases (OR=2.67, 95%CI: 1.32-5.39) during the first period of pregnancy were more likely to bear fetus with birth defects. Conclusion The incidence of birth defects in Shaanxi was high. Histories of cold, fever, unstable mental status and family friction during pregnancy, seemed to have increased the risks of bearing child with birth defects.
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Objective This study explored the association between air pollution exposure and birth weight by using the multilevel linear model,after controlling related meteorological factors and individual differences of both mothers and babies.Methods Women of childbearing age who were pregnant in Xi'an from 2010 to 2013,were selected as objects of this study.Multistage random sampling method was used to select 4 631 subjects followed by a self-designed questionnaire survey.Data related to quality of air and meteorology were gathered from routine monitoring system.Gestational age and date of birth,together with the average levels of air pollution were calculated for each trimester on each mother,and then the impact of air pollution on birth weight was assessed.A multilevel linear model was employed to investigate the association between the levels of exposure to air pollution by birth weight.Confounding factors were under control.We established three models in this study:Model 1 which involving the variable of air pollution exposure.Model 2 was adjusted for variables in Model 1 plus some other individual differences of both mother and baby.Model 3 was adjusted for variables in Model 2 plus meteorological factors.Results There were significant differences seen in birth weight within the subgroups of gender,gestational age,mother's reproductive age,maternal education,residential areas and family incomes (P＜0.01) of the infants.However,there was no difference found in Model 1 (P＞0.05).Data from Model 3 indicated that a decrease of 13.3 g (10.9 g in Model 2) and 6.6 g (5.9 g in Model 2) in birth weight that were associated with an increase of 10 μg/m3 in the average level of NO2 and PM10 during the second trimester;A decrease of 13.7 g (9.8 g in Model 2) in birth weight was associated with an increase of 10 μg/m3 in the average level of NO2 during the third trimester.Conclusion After controlling for meteorological factors,the levels of exposure to NO2 and PM10 during the second trimester and NO2 during the third trimester were negatively associated with birth weight.
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Objective To understand the prevalence of birth defects, related diseases and mental status of women during pregnancy in Shaanxi province and to analyse the major risk factors on birth defects and congenital heart disease. Possible association between maternal diseases or mental status and the risk of birth defects, was also explored. Methods A cross-sectional design was used in this study and stratified multistage random sampling method was used. The whole survey was from Jury 2013 to November 2013. Logistic regression method was used to analyze the association between maternal diseases, mental status during pregnancy and birth defects. Results The overall prevalence of birth defects was 195.04 per 10000 in Shaanxi. Among the 29121 mothers participating in this study, 51.1% developed illness and 6.8%"changed their mental status during pregnancy. After adjusting all the confounding factors, results showed that, histories of cold", fever, and intrahepatic cholestasis were (OR=1.33, 95%CI:1.10-1.61, OR=1.54, 95%CI:1.09-2.16, and OR=32.77, 95%CI:4.08-263.04) respectively, during pregnancy that related to birth defects. Self-reported unstable mental status (OR=1.60, 95%CI: 1.19-2.15) and family friction (OR=2.07, 95%CI: 1.12-3.79) were both related to the birth rates. Histories of cold and fever (OR=1.59, 95%CI:1.28-1.98;OR=1.43, 95%CI:1.48-4.00), during early pregnancy, unstable mental status during mid-pregnant period (OR=1.52, 95%CI:1.05-2.19), unstable mental status during late-pregnant period (OR=1.63, 95%CI:1.05-2.19) and family friction during late-pregnant period (OR=2.89, 95%CI:1.16-7.20) were found to be related to birth defects. Compared with those without history of cold, those with the history of cold during first (OR=1.24, 95%CI: 1.02-1.52) and second stages (OR=2.06, 95%CI: 1.30-3.26) of pregnancy were more likely to bear fetus with birth defects. Compared with those without these histories, those with histories of fever (OR=1.49, 95%CI:1.04-2.13), emotional problem (OR=1.71, 95%CI:1.19-2.45) and related diseases (OR=2.67, 95%CI: 1.32-5.39) during the first period of pregnancy were more likely to bear fetus with birth defects. Conclusion The incidence of birth defects in Shaanxi was high. Histories of cold, fever, unstable mental status and family friction during pregnancy, seemed to have increased the risks of bearing child with birth defects.
ABSTRACT
Objective This study explored the association between air pollution exposure and birth weight by using the multilevel linear model,after controlling related meteorological factors and individual differences of both mothers and babies.Methods Women of childbearing age who were pregnant in Xi'an from 2010 to 2013,were selected as objects of this study.Multistage random sampling method was used to select 4 631 subjects followed by a self-designed questionnaire survey.Data related to quality of air and meteorology were gathered from routine monitoring system.Gestational age and date of birth,together with the average levels of air pollution were calculated for each trimester on each mother,and then the impact of air pollution on birth weight was assessed.A multilevel linear model was employed to investigate the association between the levels of exposure to air pollution by birth weight.Confounding factors were under control.We established three models in this study:Model 1 which involving the variable of air pollution exposure.Model 2 was adjusted for variables in Model 1 plus some other individual differences of both mother and baby.Model 3 was adjusted for variables in Model 2 plus meteorological factors.Results There were significant differences seen in birth weight within the subgroups of gender,gestational age,mother's reproductive age,maternal education,residential areas and family incomes (P＜0.01) of the infants.However,there was no difference found in Model 1 (P＞0.05).Data from Model 3 indicated that a decrease of 13.3 g (10.9 g in Model 2) and 6.6 g (5.9 g in Model 2) in birth weight that were associated with an increase of 10 μg/m3 in the average level of NO2 and PM10 during the second trimester;A decrease of 13.7 g (9.8 g in Model 2) in birth weight was associated with an increase of 10 μg/m3 in the average level of NO2 during the third trimester.Conclusion After controlling for meteorological factors,the levels of exposure to NO2 and PM10 during the second trimester and NO2 during the third trimester were negatively associated with birth weight.